Formation of INC (1885)
- Founded by A.O. Hume; first session at Bombay, presided by W.C. Bonnerjee, 72 delegates.
- Moderate Phase (1885-1905): Dadabhai Naoroji, Gokhale — petition/prayer methods.
- Extremist Phase (1905-1917): Lal-Bal-Pal; Partition of Bengal (1905, Curzon) → Swadeshi & Boycott; Surat Split (1907).
Gandhian Era — Key Movements
| Movement | Year | Trigger/Key Fact |
|---|
| Champaran Satyagraha | 1917 | Gandhi's first Satyagraha in India (indigo cultivation) |
| Non-Cooperation Movement | 1920-22 | Rowlatt Act, Jallianwala Bagh (1919); withdrawn after Chauri Chaura (1922) |
| Civil Disobedience Movement | 1930-34 | Dandi March/Salt Satyagraha (12 March-6 April 1930) |
| Quit India Movement | 1942 | "Do or Die"; launched after Cripps Mission failure |
📌 Purna Swaraj: Declared at the Lahore Session (1929) under Jawaharlal Nehru's presidency; 26 January 1930 observed as the first Independence Day.
Revolutionary and Parallel Movements
- Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, Sukhdev — HSRA; executed 1931 for Saunders' killing.
- Subhas Chandra Bose — founded Forward Bloc (1939); led the INA/Azad Hind Fauj.
Independence and Partition
| Event | Year | Key Fact |
|---|
| Lahore Resolution | 1940 | Muslim League's formal demand for Pakistan |
| Cabinet Mission Plan | 1946 | Proposed federation to keep India united |
| Mountbatten Plan | 3 June 1947 | Acceptance of Partition |
| Independence | 15 August 1947 | India and Pakistan become independent |
Sardar Patel (with V.P. Menon) integrated over 560 princely states; Hyderabad ("Operation Polo"), Junagadh, and Kashmir were the key contested cases.
Quick Revision Table
| Topic | One-Line Recall |
|---|
| INC founder | A.O. Hume, 1885 |
| Dandi March | 12 March-6 April 1930 |
| Quit India | 8 August 1942, "Do or Die" |
| Independence | 15 August 1947 |
✅ SSC Focus: INC session-president-year matching · Gandhian movement chronology and triggers · Key revolutionary figures · Independence/Partition timeline.